Serviceability requirements are set of conditions under which a foundation structure is considered to be useful. It is the second category of performance after strength requirement. So, a foundation may be sound and perform well structurally but it still might not be fit for application if the serviceability requirements are not met like excessive foundation […]
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Essentially, a cofferdam is a temporary structure designed and constructed to support ground and keep groundwater or water laying above ground level away from an excavation. By and large, cofferdam do not exclude water out of excavation completely since the construction of such type of cofferdam would be highly expensive. There are several types of […]
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Offset bent longitudinal reinforcement is the bending of vertical reinforcement bars of a column (larger column) at a particular storey in order to bring the bars within the limit of column above (smaller column), as illustrated in Fig. 1, A. The maximum slope of bar bending should is 1 in 6. Added to that, it […]
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Dummy activity is a type of operation in a project network which neither requires any time nor any resource. This is an item shown in a project network to identify the dependence among operation. A dummy activity is an imaginary activity. The representation and more features of dummy activity in network analysis are explained below. […]
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Tributary area in columns is a method of transferring static loads from floor slabs to column. It is defined as area surrounding the column that is bounded by the panel centerline. Commonly, designers use tributary area in columns for transferring loads from slabs to columns or compute reactions of the beams framing into the columns. […]
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The flying machines have arrived and are changing the way construction is done. With the settlement of mobile technology and IoT(internet of things), everyone had been eagerly looking out for what next; what more could be achieved through this technology to facilitate work. It’d be an understatement to say that people were surprised after watching […]
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Diaphragm wall is a continuous reinforced concrete wall constructed in the ground to support major construction activities. These act as a retaining wall, support for the underground structure, as a foundation or facilitate cut off provision in order to support deep excavation. The construction sequence and the varied features of diaphragm wall are explained. Features […]
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Asbestos is a naturally occurring thin crystalline long fibres that is used in the preparation of concrete to enhance the fresh and hardened property of concrete. It is majorly used in heat and acoustic insulation, fire proofing, and roofing and flooring. In this article we discuss about the characteristics, effect on concrete properties, advantages, disadvantages […]
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The plumbing system consists of entire system of piping, fixtures and appliances used for water supply and drainage. The plumbing water supply system consists of water supply and distribution pipes, taps, valves, storage tanks etc., while plumbing drainage system consists of wash basins, water closets, urinals, traps, soil waste pipes, vent pipes, septic tanks etc. […]
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Lacey investigated the stability conditions of different alluvial channels and came up with Lacey’s silt theory which explains about the different regime conditions of a channel such as true regime, initial regime, and final regime and the design procedure of canal. Lacey’s Silt theory of Canals Lacey stated that the channel may not be in […]
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Ballast is granular material which is placed and packed below and around the railway sleepers. Different types of ballast materials used are broken stone, sand, gravel, moorum, brickbats etc. The main purpose of ballast is to transmit the load from sleepers to the formation and to provide drainage facilities to the track. Functions of Ballast […]
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Roughening devices are installed at the downstream end of the channel and their main function is to dissipate energy from water flow coming on to the downstream bed. Different types of roughening devices generally used are Friction blocks, biff walls, arrows, dentated sills, Deflectors, ribbed pitching etc. In general cisterns with impact are responsible for […]
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Hot weather has significant effect on all stages of concrete production and placement procedures such as increasing rate of hydration and movement of moisture from within and surface of the concrete . It affects long term strength and durability. Hot weather along with relative humidity and wind speed also have a significant influence. Effect of […]
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Corrugation and shoving are the defects usually occur in flexible pavements. Causes of their occurrence and remedial measures to be taken are explained in this article. What is Corrugation? The formation of ripples or waves on the flexible pavement generally perpendicular to the traffic flow is called corrugation or wash boarding. It occurs at points […]
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When concrete is not cured properly, its durability, strength and abrasive resistance is affected. Due to inadequate curing, concrete develops plastic shrinkage cracks, thermal cracks and loss of strength of surface layer. When surface of the concrete is not kept moist within the first 24 hours after the casting, the evaporation from the exposed horizontal […]
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Mortar admixtures typically offers properties such as waterproofing, water repellency, efflorescence control, air entrainment using plasticizers to enhance workability, accelerating and retarding setting times etc. These mortar admixtures are used for ratios 1:3 or leaner mixes for use in masonry construction. Admixtures for masonry mortars are different from those used in concrete which are typically […]
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The cistern is an element of canal fall and it is provided on the downstream portion to dissipate the surplus energy of water leaving the crest. The purpose of a cistern and different types of cisterns are briefly explained in this article. Purpose of Cistern The main purposes of cistern are as follows, To protect […]
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The hydraulic turbines or water turbines are important hydraulic machines of the hydropower plant. There are different types of turbines such as a Pelton turbine, Kaplan turbine, Francis turbine, bulb turbine etc. are available. Different factors affecting the selection of the turbine are briefly explained in this article. Factors affecting Selection of Hydraulic Turbines Following […]
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The standard concrete compressive strength test is carried out at 28 days. 3-days and 7-days concrete tests is carried out only to monitor the early strength gain and is useful in construction where high early strength of concrete is required as per construction documents. But the values of 3-days and 7-days test results are not […]
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A Metering flume or flow measuring flume is an artificial channel section which is used to measure the discharge of a channel. Flumes are made of different materials such as aluminum, fiberglass, steel, wood etc. Different types of metering flumes and their working is explained in this article. Types of Metering Flumes Metering flumes are […]
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There are several methods by which two-way slabs can be designed. All methods are viable provided that the safety and serviceability of the element is within the acceptable limits. The coefficient method may be the simplest, easiest, quickest approach for the design of two-way slab supported by edge beam on all slab sides. This method was provided in American Concrete Institute (ACI) in 1963 to design two-way slabs carried by steel beams, deep beam, or walls. Nonetheless, the coefficient method is not included in the current edition of ACI code. This is because it is considered to be too conservative
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Soil stabilization is the method of improving soil properties by adding suitable stabilizers to it. It is very important to achieve required strength to the soil especially for road construction projects. But there are so many difficulties to face while stabilizing soil for pavement construction and the main aspects behind these difficulties are explained in […]
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Concrete delamination is defined as the detachment of thin layer of concrete from the concrete surface. A drummy sound heard when the surface is struck by a hammer is an indication of concrete delamination. Here, the causes, effects and precautions for delamination of concrete are explained briefly. Causes of Delamination The timing of final […]
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A groyne is a rigid hydraulic structure built from shore (in case of seas) or built from the bank (in case of rivers) to dissipate the wave energy or to protect the banks from erosion and also to trap the sediment. In general Groynes are perpendicular to the shore line or river bank or sometimes […]
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Acquisition of projects in the construction sector is generally done through the process of bidding. It requires a shrewd mind and years of experience to hone your bidding skills and prepare precise estimates to win a project. Your bid should be prepared in a way so as to win you the project as well as […]
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