A fishway or fish ladder is a waterway constructed on or around a natural or artificial obstruction to provide a passageway for fishes and other water-living species. 7 different types of Fishways or Fish Ladders and their characteristics are explained in this article. Types of Fish ladder Different types of Fish ladders are as follows. […]
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Universal testing machine(UTM) is known as the universal tester used to perform standard tensile and compression test on the materials, components and the structures. UTM is a versatile testing machine which serves multi-purposes in the field of material testing. The main components of a universal testing machine (UTM) and its functions are briefly explained below. […]
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Skirting can be defined as a board that runs along the border between the interior wall and the floor. It covers the improper edges, avoid scratches from furniture and gives the room a good finish. As a result of new modern ideas in the field of interior designing, different types of skirting boards and designs […]
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Manometers are devices used to determine the pressure at any point in fluid either by balancing the column of the fluid by the same or by using another column of fluid. A simple manometer consists of a tube arrangement, where one end of the tube is connected to the point in the fluid whose pressure […]
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Concrete product manufacturing is a competitive industry in the field of construction. The world produces around 4.4 billion tons of concrete every year. Some of the top concrete product manufactures in the world are enlisted below based on their prominence. The top list includes: Ameron Internation Corporation Continentals Materials Corporation RDC Concrete (India) Pvt Ltd […]
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Measurement of concrete works at construction is on of the crucial task that need to be conducted adequately and carefully. This is because measurement occupies a very important place in planning and execution of any civil engineering work from the time of first estimates to final completion and settlement of payments of the project. It […]
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Septic tank is a tank which collects sewage and treats it by bacterial decomposition. It is generally located underground. For a better septic system, a good septic tank is important. To select a good septic tank, one must know about the different types of septic tank materials, their advantages, and drawbacks which are briefly explained […]
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Various grades of mortar such as M1, M2 etc. are used in brickwork construction. Lime mortar and cement mortar are two types of mortar generally used for brickwork. The properties, strength and uses of these mortars under various circumstances should be known. Points to Remember for Mortar in Brickwork Construction 1. The strength of brickwork […]
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Various types of defects occur in brickwork due to low quality of materials or due to workmanship. These common defects should be repaired and made good as soon as possible. Following are the different common defects noticed in brickwork construction: 1. Substandard quality of bricks used in masonry construction compared to quality specified in contract. […]
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Consultancy in construction is performed by a group of professionals designated as consultants. Consultants are appointed by the client in order to perform expert tasks on the project. Consultancy can be done for various areas of construction like structural design, analysis, project management, construction management, contracts, surveying etc. The basic function and features of doing […]
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Pressure head in fluid mechanics can be defined as the pressure that is exerted by a liquid column on the base of the container. It is represented as the height of the liquid column. Pressure head is also called a static head or static pressure head which is represented by ‘Z’. The equation to determine […]
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A raft or mat foundation is a sizable concrete slab or slab and beam system which support all the loads of superstructure through walls or columns in two or more rows and rests on soil layer or rock. A raft foundation may be rectangular, Fig. 1, or circular ,Fig. 3, and may be with or […]
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Segregation of concrete is separation of ingredients of concrete from each other. Causes and prevention of segregation of concrete are discussed.
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Both Braced frame and moment resisting frame are used in the construction of structures which are subjected to lateral loads such as wind and seismic forces. This is particularly obvious for very tall structures where the lateral forces are the most important design consideration. In braced frames, the beams and columns are generally arranged in […]
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Remote sensing is the science and technology by which the properties of specified objects, area, or phenomenon can be identified, measured, and analyzed without direct contact with them in order to make useful decision. As per NRSA (India’s National Remote Sensing Agency), ‘remote sensing is the technique of deriving information about objects on the surface […]
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Strut test is used to determine the Euler’s buckling load of the strut. Struts are long, slender columns that fail by buckling some time before the yield stress in compression is reached. The Euler’s buckling load is a critical load value that force the strut to bend suddenly to one side and buckle before achieving […]
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What is Drilled Piers? A drilled pier is a deep foundation system that is a large diameter concrete cylinder constructed by placing fresh concrete and reinforcing steel into a drilled shaft. It is also called as caissons, drilled shafts, drilled piers, Cast-in-drilled-hole piles (CIDH piles) or Cast-in-Situ piles. For construction of drilled pier, a large […]
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Driven precast concrete piles are constructed by hammering the pile into the ground by pile driving plant. Piles of timber, prestressed concrete and steel are also used in this method.
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Construction errors are main factors that lead to the development of defects in concrete structure. Defects in concrete structures can be due to poor construction practices i.e. poor construction quality control at site or due to poor structural design and detailing. Common types of defects in concrete structures, due to construction errors, are honeycombing, form […]
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The laboratory procedure to find out the metacentric height of a floating body on water is briefly explained in this article. A point about which a floating body tries to oscillate is called the metacenter of that body. The distance between metacenter (M) and center of gravity (G) of the floating body is known as […]
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Elastic analysis deals with the study of strength and behavior of the members and structure at working loads. Frames can be analyzed by various methods. However, the method of analysis adopted depends upon the types of frame, its configuration (portal bay or multibay) multistoried frame and Degree of indeterminacy.
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The fundamental assumptions of reinforced concrete Design are the basis for the structural mechanic which is one of the main tools used for the analysis and design of reinforced concrete elements. These five assumptions permit one to predict by calculation the performance of reinforced concrete members. Of course, the structural mechanic in conjunction with extensive […]
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Dam failure is very rare and if occurs, it would bring massive destruction. There are several reasons that contribute to dam failure like overtopping, failure of foundation, erosion, improper maintenance, etc. Modern dams make use of the latest design technologies that make them less susceptible to these failure factors. Still, some of the major reasons […]
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Standard specification and work procedure for brickwork in masonry construction provides guidelines about quality of bricks, mortar, soaking of bricks, laying of bricks, curing, scaffolding etc. The construction of brickwork in substructure and superstructure requires quality control on various aspects of material and construction procedure. Work Procedure of Brickwork in Masonry Construction 1. Materials for […]
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Fire retardants or Flame retardants are chemicals used to slow down/hinder the growth of fire and provide a sufficient amount of time to evacuate a building. Their application on construction materials is absolutely essential in order to meet the necessary fire safety standards and codes. Other than construction materials, they can be applied on furnishings […]
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Detailed specifications for cement concrete provides step by step work procedure for various grades of concrete construction such as materials, mix proportions, mixing, workability, formwork, laying and curing. This specification helps as a guide on how to carry out cement concrete works for various purposes. Work Procedure for Cement Concrete Works 1. Materials for Cement […]
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Valuation of Building Valuation of building or property is the method of calculating the present marketable cost of the building. Valuation of building depends on the type of building, its structure, durability, location, size, shape, width of road, frontage, types and quality of building materials used and the cost of these materials. Valuation of building […]
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Site investigation or Sub-Soil explorations are done for obtaining the information about subsurface conditions at the site of proposed construction. Soil exploration consists of determining the profile of the natural soil deposits at the site, taking the soil samples and determining the engineering properties of soils using laboratory tests as well as in-situ testing methods. […]
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FIDIC Stands for Fédération Internationale Des Ingénieurs-Conseils (International Federation of Consulting Engineers) which has about 70 countries as members. The FIDIC forms of contract has conditions suitable for use in domestic contracts as well. Types of FIDIC Contracts and Their Uses In 1999, FIDIC published four new editions of forms of contracts as: Conditions of […]
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Stacked log construction is defined as a building construction technique in which the structure is formed by stacking wooden logs. The logs are interlocked by their end notches. Stacked log construction is a historical construction technique which was employed for the construction of commercial buildings, homes, churches, schools, etc. Modern era uses this technique in […]
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Magnetic Rebar Locator (Covermeter) Test gives information about concrete cover to steel reinforcement using magnetic fields. Pachometer device is used to get information about location of reinforcement bars in concrete.
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Shear center is a point on the beam-section where the application of loads does not cause its twisting. The shear center position is dependent on the cross-section of the beam. For instance, shear center and center of gravity are the same in a symmetrical section, but it may not coincide with the centroid in case […]
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A reinforced concrete buildings gets damaged and collapses due to many causes such as sliding of roofs, falling of walls, crushing of columns, short column effects, diagonal cracking, foundation sinking and tilting etc. Types and Causes for Damage and Collapse of Concrete Buildings The following types of damage are quite common in reinforced concrete buildings: […]
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The compression test is conducted on a concrete cylinder specimen to determine the modulus of elasticity of concrete. In the laboratory test, the deformation of the specimen with respect to different load variation is analyzed. These observations produce load-deflection graph from which the modulus of elasticity of concrete is determined. The laboratory test to determine […]
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A mortarless dry-stacked interlocking masonry system consists of compressed earth interlocking blocks or concrete interlocking blocks or fly-ash interlocking blocks that is laid dry-stacked or with minimum mortar slurry in a stretcher bond in a wall. The system of dry-stacked interlocked masonry enables affordable building construction, speedier construction of high quality in stretcher bond as […]
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Construction projects are always tied up with time constraints. It is up to the contractor to innovate and come up with new material designs to overcome this restriction, and at the same time stick to the specifications of the plans. Glass fibre reinforced gypsum (GFRG) panel or Rapid wall is one such modern building element […]
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Staircase stringer is the structural member installed on either side or in center of a flight of stairs into which the treads and risers are fixed. The primary function of the stringer is to provide a framework or support to the tread and risers and hide the edge of the stairs exposing the tread profile. […]
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Load bearing masonry construction is one of the oldest and widespread construction techniques in the world. Every wall element in a load bearing masonry structure takes the load. It is mainly employed to construct smaller residential structures. The features of load-bearing masonry construction, its pros and cons are explained briefly. Features of Load Bearing Masonry […]
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How to calculate exactly the weight of sand cement and water in mix ratio 1:3?
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A spillway is a hydraulic structure built at a dam site, for effectively disposing of the surplus water from a reservoir after it has been filled to its maximum capacity. Spillways are classified into different types such as Straight Drop Spillway, Ogee Spillway, Shaft Spillway, Chute Spillway, Side Channel Spillway, Siphon Spillway, and Labyrinth Spillway […]
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Strengthening of Reinforced Concrete (R.C) walls is necessary when they lose their strength and capacity to take up the loads coming on it. This kind of rehabilitation is highly demanded for walls constructed in high seismic zone areas. Methods to Strengthen R.C Walls Different retrofitting techniques are followed either by using traditional materials or new […]
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Shuttering Oil or formwork oil is high quality mineral oil that is applied to the inner surface of formwork before concreting. Shuttering oil is also known as form or mould release agent. Uses of Formwork Oil Shuttering Oil is used for following reasons: Application of shuttering oil prevents sticking of formwork to the concrete surface […]
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The use of expanded clay is expected to bring a revolution in the construction industry. It can be added as an initiative towards a step taken to curb down the impact of global warming. This innovative concept should be made a point to raise awareness amongst people in regard to the benefits of using expanded clay through […]
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