There are number of common design faults that lead to the damage of concrete and hence the capacity of the structural member would be reduced. In adequate structural design, inadequate cover, improper joint detailing, incorrect placement of embedments in concrete, and improper connection details are most common design faults that concrete buildings have experienced. It […]
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The use of Carbone fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) strips for shear strengthening of reinforced concrete beam has gain great success. Structural beams may loss shear capacity due to environmental influences or design and construction errors and hence rehabilitation of the such beam is a must. Sometimes, the exertion of extra load may enforce the improvement […]
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Treatment of reinforcements with proper materials and agents one of the defensive layers against corrosion attacks in aggressive environments. There are many reinforcement treatment methods for instance anticorrosive treatment using acid or alkali agents and fusion bonded epoxy coating. The basic principle of these treatment methods is to prevent the reaction between aggressive substance like […]
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The improvement of structural stiffness is crucial because the trend of building construction is toward taller, wider floor, and longer span structures. So, in order to reduce deflections and improve resistance of such structures against lateral loads such as wind and seismic, suitable method shall be considered to ensure satisfactory structural stiffness. The methods of […]
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Carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) is a type of composite materials consist of carbon fiber and polymer. The carbon fiber provides the strength and stiffness while the polymer acts as cohesive matrix to protect and held the fibers together. CFRP are manufactured as a strips, bars, and sheets using different production technique like filament winding, […]
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The basic components of the highway are the road width, cross slope, pavement, road margins, traffic separators, and curbs. These geometric elements are designed and influenced by the psychology of the driver, the characteristics of the vehicle and the traffic of the region. Highway safety is ensured by fulfilling the management of these elements in […]
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Fine aggregate is on of the major constituents of concrete which can influence concrete mix design substantially. Various factors such as fine aggregate fineness modulus, moisture content, specific gravity, and silt content affect the mix proportions of concrete. Fineness modulus specifies how much fine aggregate is required in a given mix design. Fine aggregate moisture […]
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Monitoring early strength gain of concrete in the field is crucial task for the success of some construction works like starting critical shoring and reshoring steps which is required during multi-storey building construction and removal of formwork. There are several methods that can be used to monitor or measure the early strength gain of concrete […]
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The transverse strength test of roofing tile is commonly carried out based on the specifications of applicable standards such as ASTM 1167-11 and IS 13801. It involves wet or dry method test and conducted in the lab to estimate breaking transverse load for the roofing tile. The roofing tile transverse strength is one of the […]
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Water absorption test is the measurement of moisture quantity that roofing tile may absorb. If water absorption is too high, the tile may suffer from cracking which is not desirable. So, this test reflects the suitability of the tile for application; roofing tile need to have substantially low absorption capacity, especially in environments subjected to […]
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There are several requirements that formwork structure need to meet otherwise it would not serve its purpose adequately. In order to make sure that the form structure fulfill its design goals, the designer and site engineer should take technical, functional, economical, and safety requirements of the forms into consideration. The fulfillment of these requirements would […]
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Coarse aggregate is one of the essential components of concrete and occupied largest volume. That is why it greatly affects concrete mix design. Coarse aggregate properties such as strength, maximum size, shape, and water absorption influence water demand, quantity of cement and fine aggregate in concrete mixture. It is reported that, high maximum coarse aggregate […]
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There are several factors that influence the magnitude of lateral pressure of fresh concrete on formwork sides. For instance, concrete weight, rate of placement, vibration, temperature at the time of pouring, chemistry, and slump. Formwork design need to take these factors into considerations during design process. The freshly placed concrete behaves temporarily like a fluid, […]
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The reduction of formwork construction is essential in declining the total cost of the project because it accounts for up to 60% of the entire cost of concrete structure. Decision made at the design phase can play crucial role in this regard. New materials, accessories, and prefabricated formwork components may enable designers to achieve their […]
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Corrosion is the process of deterioration of metal caused by the action of chemicals or electro-chemicals present in the surrounding atmosphere. Corrosion is a major problem especially in the construction industry where various metals are used for structural purposes. Different types of corrosion are explained in this article. Types of Corrosion Following are the 9 […]
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The timber obtained from trees is cut and sawn into suitable commercial sizes and shapes for various engineering purposes. Some of the common market forms of timber are listed below. Market Forms of Timber Following are the different forms of timber avaible in the market. Log Baulk Board Batten Plank Pole Deal Scantling End Quartering […]
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In concrete dams, cracks are formed mainly due to shrinkage of concrete due to temperature variations. These cracks may develop internally in the body of the dam or externally on the surface of the dam. Surface cracks are more dangerous than interior cracks. Different methods to control cracking in concrete dams are explained in this […]
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Good safety plans for formwork system ensure execution of construction project as per established construction practice and avoid undesired events such as failure of formwork and consequent delay in construction and possible loss of life. Commonly, safety shall begin in the planning and management of a project. Construction work supervision, equipment utilization practices, and construction […]
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There are several factors that may lead to the failure of formwork during and after concrete placement. Improper bracing can cause formwork failure since the weight of fresh concrete is no longer supported by formwork system. Unanticipated incident can make member to fail and subsequent overloading or misalignment of other members results in the failure […]
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Flooring can be done by different materials such as timber, concrete, marble, stones, bricks, cork, etc. All of these materials have different properties. Hence, the flooring material is selected based on various factors which are described in this article. Factors Affecting Selection of Flooring Material Following are the factors to be considered while selecting material […]
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Deduction is necessary in certain cases while estimations is carried out for masonry constructions. For instance, presence of openings in masonry walls, bearings, doors, windows, segmental arch openings, and semi-circular arch openings. Deductions for these conditions shall be conducted properly and suitable mathematical rule need to be applied. 1. Rectangular Opening Commonly, full reduction is […]
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The property of the soil by which it permits the flow of fluid through it is called permeability of the soil. The porosity in the soil material is contributed by the presence of interstices within it. The property of permeability emerges when these interstices are connected, bringing a pathway for the movement of fluids. Generally, […]
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Kelly ball test also called as a ball penetration test is performed on freshly mixed concrete to measure its workability. It is a quick simple field test and is considered as an alternative to the slump test. The test procedure of the kelly ball test, its advantages and drawbacks are explained in this article. Kelly […]
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Burning is the last stage of brick making which usually imparts hardness ad strength to the bricks. The burning of bricks should be done properly. The brick should not be over burnt as well as under burnt. In general, bricks are burnt either in kilns or clamps. The difference between kiln burning and clamp burning […]
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There are several types of magnetic cover-meter equipment which are used to determine the thickness of reinforcement protector concrete. commonly, these devices fall into nondestructive tests. Micro cover meter, Pachometer, Profometer, NOVOTEST, and Cover Master are types of magnetic cover-meter tools. The devices emit an electromagnetic pulse and detect the magnetic field induced in metal objects. […]
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Construction estimator plays essential role in the success of building construction projects. There are several requirements that each construction estimator need to have in order to produce proper estimation. For instance, he/ she needs to have sufficient knowledge about drawings and be able to read drawings. Not only do they need to set up schedule […]
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Painting not only gives a good appearance but also provides protection against various actions such as corrosion, decaying, weathering, etc. But however, paint film also gets deteriorated by these actions. Hence the paint should be selected based on many factors such as type of surface, type of environment, etc. Otherwise, defects may occur in painting. […]
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The two critical frost actions in the soil are the frost heave and the frost boil. Frost heave is the phenomenon in which the water molecules present in the pores freeze during lower temperature which results in the expansion of the soil. Frost boil is the phenomenon of loosening of the soil when the frozen […]
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In the construction industry, Lime is one of the best binding materials available and is used widely for different purposes such as mortar making, plastering, whitewashing, etc. Lime obtained by the calcination of limestone, which occurs naturally. Different tests are carried out on limestone to check its properties and to know the proportions of ingredients […]
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