Different types of frame structures are available that have been used in building construction. They are classified into two major types namely rigid frame structure and braced frame structure. These are further divided into various forms for instance the former is categorized into fixed end rigid frame structure and pin ended rigid frame structure whereas […]
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Affordable concrete house construction is needed at current times more than ever before due to population growth, and other factors. The population growth leads to increasing demand for houses which consequently the use of operational energy and embodied energy increases. Affordable concrete house construction has become the attention of several builders. This attention is largely […]
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Concrete has been known to mankind from the 19th century. In recent days, the evolution of use of concrete technologies has been vast. But the conventional concrete construction technology holds a significant role in worldwide construction. The conventional concrete construction technology involves estimation of material, site preparation, building formwork, placing reinforcement, mixing, pouring, finishing and […]
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Proof stress of a material can be defined as the stress at which the material undergoes plastic deformation. Proof stress is determined as the stress corresponding to 0.2% of strain from the stress-strain curve of the given material. This is the stress value determined for the material whose yield point cannot be easily defined. Also […]
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There are many applications of bricks in the field of civil engineering such as construction of structural elements like walls, retaining walls, arches. It has played significant role in building construction and have been used as an alternative of stones in construction purpose. It is commonly desirable to employ good quality bricks in order to […]
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Construction of concrete foundation is divided into number of work activities with specific objectives and completion time for each activity is defined. For example, marking foundation layout, excavations, base preparation including leveling and lean concrete placement, formwork and then steel placement, concrete pouring, and curing. These activities are almost the same in almost all types […]
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Guidelines for the construction of concrete foundations can be obtained from Building Codes such as American Concrete Institute and Indian Standards, and engineering experience and judgement to a certain extent. Guidelines are substantially crucial for the construction of concrete foundation (base, reinforcement placement, formworks, concreting, stripping works, defects detection and their repairs) that adequately serves […]
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It is defined as an admixture that reduces the quantity of mixing water required to produce concrete of a given consistency by 12 % or greater, as per ASTM C 494- C 494M. It is capable of producing great water reduction, great flowability, or both. High range water reducing admixture can reduce the water-cement ratio […]
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The capacity of the soil to allow the loads coming from the foundation is called bearing capacity of the soil. It is essential to know the bearing capacity of the soil before designing the foundation. It is determined by different filed tests. However, there are standard safe bearing capacity values available for different types of […]
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There are many design requirements that foundation structure need to met in order to perform its function adequately and serve its purpose. For instance, it should be strong enough to minimize differential settlement and should be able to safely support and transfer combination of various loads like dead load, live load, environmental load, and exceptional […]
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Different types of hazards are associated with excavation of soil. for instance, failure of soils at sides of trenches and pits, movement of buildings due excavations at its vicinity, falling workers into pits, buried workers due to collapse of earth, cave-in which may cause suffocations of labors and etc. These hazards should be identified and […]
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Variable head permeability test is one of several techniques by which the permeability of soil is determined. It is used to evaluate the permeability of fairly less previous soil. Permeability is the measure of the ability of soil to allow water to flow its pores or voids. Permeability is one of the most crucial soil […]
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Fire and high temperature influence properties (strength, stiffness, young’s modulus) of FRPs extensively. It is necessary to understand the influence of high temperature and fire in order to consider proper fire protection strategy. Fire performance of FRPs are as crucial in design considerations as modulus of elasticity and yield stress.The maximum temperature of FRP is […]
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A traverse is a series of connected lines whose lengths and directions are to be measured and the process of surveying to find such measurements is known as traversing. In general, chains are used to measure length and compass or theodolite are used to measure the direction of traverse lines. The types of traverse and […]
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