The construction of the base or sub-base for the pavement construction is dependent on the type of base chosen and the equipment available. In this article, some of the top base and subbase layers used for pavement construction are explained. They are: Cement Treated Base Unstabilised Base Asphalt Treated Base Lean Concrete Base 1. Cement […]
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The main difference between lean and PCC concrete is that lean concrete contains less cement compared to the water content present in it. This means, when compared to plain cement concrete (PCC), the lean concrete has a smaller ratio of cement to water content. Features of Lean Concrete A concrete with cement content less than […]
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The construction cost estimates are viewed from different perspectives based on different institutional requirements. There are several types of cost estimates in the project, but the top classification of cost estimates is based on the functions; Design, bid and control. The three major types of construction cost estimates are design estimates, bid estimates, and Control […]
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Construction bidding is the process of submitting a tender by the contractor to the client as a proposal to conduct or manage a particular construction project. The bidding process is an incredibly important part of a construction project. This enables firms and companies to hire contractors. Also Read: What is a Tender in Construction? Some […]
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Facility management is a set of managerial services performed to support a particular business to do business. This field involves the coordination of people and the work in the physical workplace. Facility management encompasses all the activities for integrating business administration, behavioral science, architecture, and engineering science. These are activities that require complex operating. Features […]
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Twisting of buildings is one of the factors that cause severe damages during earthquakes. This commonly occurs in buildings due to stiffness irregularities in plan and elevation of buildings, and mass irregularity in plan and elevations of buildings. So, when an earthquake occurs, the seismic forces would cause greater movement at the side of a […]
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Manholes cover is a removable plate that is used to shield the manholes from anyone or anything from falling into it. Different manhole cover sizes, types and standard classes are explained in this article with respect to the code BS EN 124: 2015. Types of Manhole Covers The three main types of manhole cover as […]
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The manhole construction comprises the construction of manhole and providing a suitable cover for it. The material chosen for the manhole and manhole cover is merely dependent on the shape and the function of the manhole. Depending on the material used, the manufacturing process also changes. Also Read: Manhole – Features, Types, Purpose The materials […]
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A manhole or an inspection chamber is a unit constructed underground to provide access to the utilities like a sewer system, drainage system, etc. Hence, with the help of a manhole, underground utilities are inspected, modified, cleaned and maintained. The main purpose, features, and types of a manhole are briefly explained in the article. Purpose […]
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Construction barriers are physical items in the form of signs or fences that are used on the construction sites to: Protect anything against damage Limit the movement or a specific work Prevent unauthorized actions on the construction More detailed functions and characteristics of construction barriers are explained briefly in this article. Functions of Construction Barriers […]
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Water displacement test method is used to determine the dry density of soil. It is suitable for evaluating in-place dry density of cohesive soil due to the nature of specimen required. The soil sample should be trimmed to obtain a regular shape and then coated it to make it impervious to water. After that, the […]
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Quality control and safety represent increasingly important concerns for project managers. This is because defects or failures in constructed facilities can result in the loss of very large costs. Even with minor defects, re-construction may be required and facility operations impaired. As a result, not only does it lead to increase costs but also delays […]
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The water replacement test method is used for the determination of field density of soil and rocks (includes materials that commonly contain particles larger than 75mm) in a test pit based on the ASTM D5030. It is specifically used for the density evaluation of soil in unsaturated condition. The accuracy of the test result would […]
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Seismic zones in Indian subcontinent is divided into four seismic zones (II, III, IV, and V) based on scientific inputs relating to seismicity, earthquakes occurred in the past and tectonic setup of the region. Previously, earthquake zones divided into five zones with respect to the severity of the earthquakes, but Bureau of Indian Standards [IS […]
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A solar shingle or photovoltaic solar shingle is a solar panel whose configuration is similar to that of a roof shingle, which is combined with an asphalt type roof shingle. The solar shingles integrate into a concrete, slate roof or shake roof surface. These look similar to an asphalt shingle roof but also have an […]
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Uplift pressure, which is also known as hydrostatic uplift, is an upward pressure applied to a structure that has the potential to raise it relative to its surroundings. It is the condition of greater pore water pressure than the overburden pressure of the structure. The uplift pressure can be problematic if it is greater than the weight […]
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Mechanization is the process of shifting from working largely or exclusively by hand to do that work using machines. The construction projects are becoming more demanding and complicated in construction and delay of projects would arise if conventional construction method is used. Delays in construction are costly and have prompted developers to embrace mechanization. Construction […]
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Roller-compacted concrete (RCC) is a concrete of zero-slump consistency in its unhardened state used in pavement and dams. It is transported, placed, and compacted using earth and rockfill construction equipment.
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Fluid pressure and pascal’s law are explained briefly by considering a small fluid element that is in the state of rest. The concept is more elaborated with the help of a workout example. Fluid Pressure at a Point The fluid pressure acting at a point can be given by the formula: p =F/A; Where F […]
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The compressibility of soil is defined as the capability of soil to decrease its volume under mechanical loads, whereas the consolidation is the compression of saturated soil under steady pressure and it is occurred as a result of water expulsion from the soil voids. Compressibility and consolidation of soil are crucial parameters required in the […]
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Porotherm clay bricks are horizontally or vertically perforated clay bricks. they are manufactured in variety of sizes (common size is 400x200x200 mm) from natural clay, coal ash, rice husk, and granite slurry. The term porotherm is used for this type of brick due to its desired thermal insulation characteristics. The perforation of the clay brick provides […]
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Roofing with shingles is considered to be a large investment which varies depending on the roofing area and the type of roof shingle chosen. Understanding different types of roofing shingles available in the market and their rates help to choose an economical shingle for the building roof. Some of the top ten roofing shingles available […]
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Roof shingles are roofing material that consists of individual overlapping elements placed one over the other. These roof elements are flat and rectangular in shape. This is laid in courses from the bottom edge to the top edge of the roof. The important features and functions of roofing shingles for building roof construction are briefly […]
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The 14 principles of management stated by Henry Fayol is one of the famous administration theory used in management. This is the basics of any powerful management tool used in an organization. The 14 major principles of management are: Division of Work Authority and Responsibility Discipline Unity of Command Unity of Direction Subordination of Individual […]
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The chain surveying performed by a tape is expected to have some errors due to incorrect tape measurements. In ordinary chaining works, the errors are neglected. But for important and precise survey works in construction, accurate tape corrections are provided. Also Read: Errors in Chain Survey Different corrections provided for tape measurements while conducting chain […]
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The sand replacement test method is used to determine in situ dry density of soil. The procedures, materials, equipment, and specifications of this test is based on the Indian Standard (IS 2720 part 28). This test is of significant importance and it has been widely used in various construction project sites. The field density of […]
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Double shear test is used to determine the shear strength (ultimate shear stress) of the mild steel specimen. Universal testing machine (UTM) is used for performing double shear test. There are two types of UTM namely: screw type and hydraulic type. The latter is easier to operate. Shear force is the load that cause two […]
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GIS is a computer-based information system that performs the activities of capturing, storing, manipulating, analyzing and displaying both spatial and non-spatial data in order to solve complex research, planning and management problems. It is a system of hardware and software that performs the above-mentioned activities on the information about the areas of the earth. Purpose […]
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