In this era of technology, the use of lasers has a very vast application in highway engineering. It is used for various purposes like road profiling, pavement surface deflection, bridge deflection, speed checkers, etc. These techniques have eased human efforts by making it simple and easy to use. If compared to older methods that were […]
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A silo is a pit structure used to store bulk materials like cement, carbon black, woodchips, etc. in large industries. Based on the bulk material it carries, the silos can have several types like bunker silos, tower silos, etc. The engineers design and construct the silo structure to gain maximum life and storage duration. The […]
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Pozzolans can be blended with lime (or Portland cement) to produce blended cements that can replace pure Portland cement commonly used in building materials such as concrete, masonry block, masonry mortar, bricks, and other construction units. Utilization of natural pozzolans in civil projects include structural concrete, precast and prestressed elements, mass concrete, concrete pipes, concrete […]
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The aggregates used in the production of concrete are inert granular materials such as gravel, crushed stone, sand, slag, recycled concrete, and geosynthetic aggregates. The aggregates may be natural, manufactured, or recycled. This article is in continuation of the article: Geometrical Requirement of Aggregates as per European Standards [PDF] and Physical Requirement of Aggregates as per […]
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Intelligent compaction is the compaction of road materials, such as the layers of soils, aggregate bases, or asphalt pavement materials, using advanced vibratory rollers armed with a unified measurement system, a computer reporting system, GPS-based mapping, and Optional Feedback Control (OFC). When we talk about road construction, compaction is considered one of the most critical […]
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Concrete sealing compounds or concrete sealers are liquids applied on the hardened concrete surface to prevent the penetration of deicing solutions, carbon-di-oxide, acids, water, etc. into the concrete. The penetration of such materials results in corrosion of reinforcing steel and cracks. The important features and types of concrete sealing compounds are enlisted below. Features of […]
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In the wet stone method, the stone cladding adheres to the perimeter wall of the building by using wet mix like mortar or adhesives. The wet installation can be performed by two main methods-the Direct Adhesion Method and Spot Bonding Method. Among the techniques mentioned above, the most common and easiest way used is the […]
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The natural stone cladding can be installed mainly by two methods, namely the wet installation method and dry installation method. Both the ways have their pros and cons, whose application is based on the objective and the wall conditions. The article explains both the methods along with their pros and cons. Wet Installation of Natural […]
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The aggregates used in the production of concrete are inert granular materials such as gravel, crushed stone, sand, slag, recycled concrete, and geosynthetic aggregates. The aggregates may be natural, manufactured, or recycled. This article is in continuation of the article: Geometrical Requirement of Aggregates as per European Standards [PDF]. In this article, we discuss the […]
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Silica fume concrete is composed of cement, silica fume, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, and water. Fresh and hardened properties of silica fume concrete is superior to conventional concrete. For instance, it has higher compressive and flexural strength. The durability of this type of concrete is superior to conventional concrete. Resistance against freezing and thawing and […]
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The aggregates used in the production of concrete are inert granular materials such as gravel, crushed stone, sand, slag, recycled concrete, and geosynthetic aggregates. The aggregates may be natural, manufactured, or recycled. In this article, we discuss the geometrical requirement of the aggregates such as size, grading, shape, shell content, fine content, and quality used […]
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The preliminary works refer to all the activities that are involved in a construction site before the actual work commences, such as demolition, site clearance, site survey, soil survey, planning, designing, and cost estimation. In this article, we briefly discuss all the preliminary works involved in the construction of a project. 1. Demolition The demolition […]
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Electrochemical chloride extraction (ECE) is a method of concrete treatment to prevent future corrosion of steel. The electrochemical chloride extraction is a treatment process where chloride ions are removed from chloride-contaminated concrete through ion migration. Unlike a cathodic protection system, the ECE is temporary and removed from the structure after completion of the treatment process. […]
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Self-sensing concrete is a smart concrete technology that can sense the stress, strain, and damage in itself. It is also called as self-monitoring or piezoresistive or pressure-sensitive or intrinsically smart concrete. The composition and significance of self-sensing concrete are explained briefly in this article. Composition of Self-Sensing Concrete The composition of self-sensing concrete is similar […]
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It doesn’t matter how hard the construction industry tries to cling on to the traditional methods for execution, the increasing complexities and intricacies of construction sites are going to bend it down eventually unless the industry makes itself adept with all the necessary digital software. It requires the players running the industry to be equipped […]
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The curing of Concrete elements by diffusing carbon-di-oxide into it under controlled pressure and temperature is one of the popular methods of accelerated curing. The process lets the CO2 to diffuse into the concrete and undergo carbonation. The carbonation finally results in thermodynamically stable calcium carbonate products. Cement production alone contributes to 5% of the […]
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Civil engineers are not very prolific when asked to work from home. The expertise and skills of civil engineers come into play only when they are at a construction site. If you ask one field whose players are under immense pain due to the lockdown this pandemic has brought, the answer would be, without any […]
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The materials used to produce high strength concrete (HSC) should be of high quality to achieve designated concrete compressive strength. High-quality materials meet the performance criteria for workability, strength, durability, and other properties. This article presents some tips to help engineers in the process of materials selection for the production of high strength concrete. Tips […]
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Living concrete is a new research done at the University of Colorado Boulder, by Wil Srubar and his colleagues, where it was found that bacteria can be used to make concrete in a greener and sustainable way. After water, cement is the second most consumable material by humans. Production of cement itself is the cause […]
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The aggregates used in the production of concrete are inert granular materials such as gravel, crushed stone, sand, slag, recycled concrete, and geosynthetic aggregates. The aggregates may be natural, manufactured, or recycled. The aggregates are broadly classified into two types based on the size, namely- fine aggregate and coarse aggregate. In this article, we discuss […]
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There are many methods through which high-strength concrete can be produced. Some of the widely known methods and techniques are- re-vibration, the use of admixtures, high-speed slurry mixing, prevention of cracks, Sulphur impregnation or Sulphur filling, use of cementitious aggregates, and seeding. In this article, we discuss all the methods mentioned above in detail. Methods […]
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Types of foundations generally used in buildings are isolated footings, combined footing, raft or mat foundations, strip foundation, pile and drilled shafts.
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Compressive strength of concrete cube test provides an idea about all the characteristics of concrete. Cube test results judges proper concreting at site.
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Agile concepts and methodologies have originated and evolved from the software and manufacturing industry. They, now, have finally penetrated the domain of construction. The industry that relies on the waterfall method (orderly and systematic approach) for the execution of projects is now bracing itself to work with the Agile(flexible) approach. Agile approach is a short […]
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The standard deviation for concrete is the method to determine the reliability between the compressive strength results of a concrete batch. The standard deviation serves as the basis for control of variability in the test results of concrete for the same batch of concrete. It is a statistical method that is based on the correlation […]
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The construction industry is one of the largest consumers of natural resources. It primarily uses 60 percent of the world’s natural resources directly or indirectly as construction materials for developing buildings and infrastructure. The issues developed after having these vast concrete jungles are even more. The strong influence of the construction industry on sustainability issues […]
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The concrete is a versatile construction material used all over the world for all types of construction applications. Concrete in its green form can be molded into any shape, size, and finish with the help of different finishing techniques and equipment to give a beautiful and long-lasting surface with a high aesthetic value. The most […]
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Brickbat Coba waterproofing is an effective way of providing waterproofing, and insulation for thermal comfort for flat RCC roofs to prevent leakage of water. It is one of the oldest procedures of waterproofing, which consists of laying brickbats on the flat RCC roof and grouting the same with waterproofing compound with a slope to drain […]
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The construction industry is one of the largest consumers of natural resources. It primarily uses 60 percent of the world’s natural resources directly or indirectly as construction materials for developing buildings and infrastructure. The issues developed after constructing these concrete jungles are even more. The strong influence of the construction industry on sustainability issues has […]
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The calculation of dimensions of a spiral staircase is very critical and performed with utmost care. It takes daring shape and configurations compared to the conventional staircase. There are BIM and other software to determine the spiral staircase dimensions. But it is essential as a civil engineer to know the restrictions and basic concepts within […]
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Adequate concrete durability can be obtained in the design phase when a structure is conceived, and structural calculations are made, details are designed, materials and their proportions, as well as possible additional preventative measures, are selected. Prevention is further materialized as the concrete is prepared, placed, compacted, and cured. It would continue throughout the entire […]
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High-performance concrete can be produced through the use of low w/c ratio, pozzolanic materials, packing aggregates densely, and improve transition zone strength. Superplasticizers reduce water content by dispersing cement particles and maintain the required workability. Concerning pozzolanic materials, it improves concrete strength and reduces its permeability Low permeability decreases the ingression of aggressive substances and […]
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Shear forces and bending moments are resultants which are used to conveniently represent the internal forces that develop within a beam when external loads are acting on it.
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A spiral staircase is a round stair system in which the individual steps connect to a center column, hence forming a complete circle. The diameter of the circle creates the diameter of the staircase. This article explains the general features of the spiral staircase and its varieties. Features of Spiral Staircase The threads or steps […]
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Non-destructive testing is a solution to find the strength of the existing steel structure and its joints such as welds. Di-Penetration Test, Magnetic Particle Testing, and ultrasonic testing are the various non-destructive tests (NDT) carried out to find the strength of the existing steel structure.
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Ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) is defined as ‘concrete that has a minimum specified compressive strength of 150 MPa with specified durability tensile ductility and toughness requirements; fibers are generally included to achieve specified requirements”, as per ACI 239R-18. Commonly, the UHPC consists of cement, silica fume, fine quartz sand, high range water reducing admixtures, steel fibers, […]
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Confined masonry construction is a combination of two masonry, which consists of masonry walls (clay brick or concrete block units) and horizontal and vertical RC confining members built on all four sides of a masonry wall panel. Vertical members such as tie-columns or practical columns act as columns in RC frame construction except that they […]
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Ceramic tile, porcelain tile or natural stone tiles use some form of grout to fill the joints between the tiles. The grout material used for this must prevent moisture from penetrating the underlying surface. A grout gain this property by having waterproof quality. It also requires proper maintenance and periodic sealing to remain waterproof throughout […]
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How to repair the damaged beams and walls in load-bearing construction as shown in the images below. As seen in the picture, the structure has been broken to make way for drain pipes.
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When we hear the term ‘Civil Engineering’ our eyes and ears usually do not give the anticipation like they do hearing new iPhones, cars or artificial intelligence instead of bridges, roads, dams or just buildings that we see every day. Civil Engineering innovations have their greatest impacts on the quality of human lives. Buildings are […]
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Paver block or Paving block is one of the most popular flexible surface treatment options for exterior pavement applications. These blocks are aesthetically pleasing, comfortable to walk on, extremely durable and easy to maintain.
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Window treatment is an external modification given to the windows in the form of a cover to improve the beauty of the window and the room. Window treatments can be of two types- Hard treatment and Soft Treatment. This article explains some of the basic ideas about window treatment methods and their features. Methods of […]
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Project delivery methods consist of planning, designing, construction, and other services necessary for organizing, executing, and completing a building facility. It also involves the comprehensive process of assigning the contractual responsibilities for designing and constructing a project. Project delivery methods are designed to achieve the satisfactory completion of a construction project from conception to occupancy. […]
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Tile spacers are plastic objects either made in T or crossed shapes that are placed between the tiles to maintain a constant and consistent spacing between the tiles. The spacer creates a gap that is filled by grout, which would finally give a symmetrical finish to the surface. This article explains the essential features of […]
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Slate flooring is a beautiful and unique tile option that gives a unique character to the interior and exterior spaces of the building. Slake tile are mountain origin, each piece with unique design and feature that, when put together, brings an amazing visual appeal. This flooring combines the function of the durability and essence of […]
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Slate tiles are beautiful, and unique features tiles originated from mountainous regions. Each Slate tile has one of a kind features that makes every piece distinct. Slate tile is expensive to purchase. The cost doubles when professional labor performs the installation. This article explains a brief idea on the procedure for installing a slate tile […]
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3D printed concrete buildings are one of the popular applications of 3D printing in construction. It is a 3D printing technology that makes use of 3D printers to deposit the concrete material one over the other layer by layer to form a building structure. Concrete 3D printing consumes less time and effort compared to traditional […]
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The ACI 318-19 set durability demand for concrete based on the category exposure and class exposure of the structure, dependent on the ground and weather situation of the area. Each exposure category contains different class exposure. The class exposure describes the degree of severity of the condition of the environment. If a structural member falls […]
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Velocity potential function and stream function are two scalar functions that are used to study whether the given fluid flow is rotational or irrotational. Both the function provides a specific Laplace equation. The fluid flow is categorized as rotational or irrotational flow based on whether it satisfies the Laplace equation or not. The expression for […]
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There are several requirements established in ACI 318-19 (Building Code Requirements for Concrete and Commentary) that concrete materials need to meet; otherwise, it would not be suitable for the construction of a structure. These requirements vary from one structure to another one. They include minimum permissible concrete compressive strength for a particular structure, modulus of […]
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Depreciation represents the decline in the market value of a piece of equipment due to age, wear, deterioration, and obsolescence. The term depreciation is meant to represent the change in the value of the assets from year to year and as a means of establishing an hourly ‘‘rental’’ rate for that asset. It is not […]
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I would appreciate some expert advice regarding a commercial concrete driveway we had installed about 30 months ago. It meant to be 32MPa (although we suspect it was not) – what results would we expect from core testing IF the concrete had been 32MPa?
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A bulldozer is a tractor unit with a blade attached to its front. The blade is used to push, shear, cut, and roll material ahead of the tractor. It is an ideal earthmoving machine that performs best at about 5 kph. Each model of bulldozer has an operating range for blade size and adjustment. Bulldozer’s […]
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Carbon fiber fabric is a strong fiber that is light in weight that has long strands interwoven together so that it forms like a fabric structure. It is also called as graphite fiber that dominates the steel in terms of strength, stiffness, and load-bearing capacity. These leading properties make carbon fiber a perfect building material […]
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Concrete bonding agents are natural or synthetic materials used to join the old and new concrete surfaces. This agent can also be used to join the successive concrete layers. This chemical helps to allow different concrete surfaces to behave like a single unit. The properties, functions, and types of concrete bonding agents are explained briefly […]
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