The main factors that controls abrasion resistance of concrete is the concrete compressive strength. The higher the concrete surface strength the better the resistance of concrete against abrasion. Factors that influence concrete strength are also influence the abrasion resistance for instance the use of w/cm less than 0.45, the use of dry shakes and toppings, […]
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While working in a creative field, you’ll often find yourself disturbed if the ambiance around you isn’t fit to be your workspace. To avoid reaching a point of distress mid-project, it’s best to set up your entire house to be the ideal creative ground you need. Moreover, due to the introduction of payment methods like […]
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AAC block adhesive is a polymer-based versatile jointing material specially designed to provide high bonding, durability and speed up the build process of AAC blocks, fly ash bricks, concrete blocks, etc. It is a pre-mixed, easy to apply high-quality mortar comprising of cement, graded sand and admixtures which replaces conventional jointing mortar of 12-18 mm […]
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Liquid penetrant test, also known as dye penetrant inspection (DPI) or liquid penetrant inspection (LPI), is a non-destructive testing method that used for detection of cracks in concrete such as fatigue, quench, grinding cracks, overload and impact fractures, and porosity. The liquid penetrant test is affordable, flexible, and easy to use, and considered when visual inspection is […]
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The fluids can be classified into different types based on the variation of the fluid characteristics like velocity, density etc. Depending on the type of flow, the analysis method varies in fluid mechanics. The different types of fluid flow are: Steady and Unsteady Flow Uniform and Non-Uniform Flow Laminar and Turbulent Flow Compressible and Incompressible […]
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In kinematics of flow, the study is only focused on the parameters that cause the motion of the fluid and not the forces that cause the motion of a fluid particle. The discharge and continuity equation are topics that are used to study the flow of a fluid through a pipe or a channel. Rate […]
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Construction waste is defined as fairly clean, heterogenous building materials which are produced from the various construction activities, as per Tchobanoglous et al., 1993. Construction, renovation and demolition activities leads to the formation of waste. The construction waste poses great danger to environment. This has put construction industries under pressure to consider suitable methods to […]
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Checklist for concrete inspection are items that might have a bearing on the durability and performance of the concrete. The checklist can be further elaborated to examine other factors that influence concrete but not included in the checklist. The checklist would help inspector to conduct an inclusive and proper inspection. Visual inspection is the process […]
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Reinforced concrete structures in coastal areas are subjected to extremely corrosive environment. This is due to the presence of chloride ions in the sea water. The presence of oxygen exacerbates the aggressive condition in coastal areas especially in zones subject to sea spray and splash. Corrosion of reinforcing steel is one of the most important […]
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Frequency of earthquake is how often a given earthquake with certain magnitude occurs. On average, earthquake with magnitude of 2 and smaller, which are called small earthquakes, happens several hundred times a day worldwide. However, major earthquake that has a magnitude of larger 7 occurs more than once per month around the world. With regard […]
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Precast concrete walls are constructed by casting concrete in a reusable wall mold or form which is then cured in a controlled environment, transported to the construction site and lifted into place. The main function of the precast walls is to speed up the construction process. In this article, we discuss about the types, connections, characteristics, and advantages […]
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The bars of varying sections, material properties, and dimensions, that are subjected to axial loads can be analyzed to determine their corresponding stress and strain values. The analysis is performed based on the fundamental equation from Hooke’s law, that relates the stress (f) and the strain (e) by f = e.E ———-Eq.1 Where, ‘E’ is […]
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Indian standard codes for brick work are a list of documents that provide general guidance on brick works. These standard codes ensure high quality of final construction products. Generally, masonry work is carried out at site as per the specifications provided by the client as per the requirement. Important Indian standard codes for brick work […]
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hello, am requesting notes on photogrammetry, in surveying kindly.
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Tempered glass is a type of glass that is processed by treating the float glass, by applying controlled thermal and chemical treatments, so as to increase the strength. The light transmission and solar radiant properties of tempered glass is as same as float glass. Tempered glass is also called as safety glass or toughened glass. […]
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People love using marble while designing their homes as it is a versatile stone. It is commonly used for countertops but there are numerous ways to use it while designing a home. It can be used at all places from kitchens to basements or anywhere that a person pleases to use it. It can be […]
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Can i get sketches of types of scaffolding?
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Do we calculate wastage for Cement, 20mm and coarse aggregate in rate analysis for concrete?
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Hi Neenu, how to determine E value in concrete property? Is there any lab testing that can be carried out or specification to be referred? KVLRT3-MRCBGK-GS07-08-WC-GDY-OV-GN-378051_WW04
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Please tell me about the quantity of 10mm steel for 12 x12 room for its roof slab.
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Continuously reinforced concrete pavement is a jointless concrete pavement continuously reinforced throughout the pavement length in the longitudinal direction to control cracking without the aid of weekend transverse joint. CRCP has all the good features of concrete pavement such as high structural strength, durability, non-skid surface and good visibility at night wet or dry features […]
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The Chezy’s formula was given by the French hydrologist Antonie Chezy. He related the discharge (Q) of the water flowing through an open channel with the respective channel dimensions and slope of the bed. Also Read: What is Open Channel Flow? The Chezy’s formula for determination of discharge of water in open channels and methods […]
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The passage of water from the main canal to the outlet at the head of the watercourse may experience water loss either due to evaporation or due to seepage. Evaporation and seepage loss in certain situations account to be very high at the rate of 25 to 50% of the water that is diverted to […]
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The design of irrigation canal system requires the knowledge of some of the important terminologies and definitions associated with the command area of irrigation, the irrigation intensity and the intensity of cropping. Each of the terms are explained one by one briefly in this article. Also Read: What is Canal Irrigation? Features and Advantages Gross […]
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A super adobe structure is a man-made building made of sandbags (small or long) with the native material available in abundance and stacking or putting them in a layer that is reinforced with barbed wires. Superadobe is extensively used in temporary buildings used for disaster relief, flood control, stabilization of water edges, embankments. If the […]
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The walkway is a smooth and flat passage or path to move around which connects different parts of the building like a garden, driveway, and door. Walkway provides a soothing look and enhances the aesthetical appearance of the house and forms cools and pleasant environment. The construction of the walkway is a simple and easy […]
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A canal is an artificial channel that is constructed to carry water to the fields to perform irrigation. The water is taken either from the river, tank or reservoirs. The canals can be constructed either by means of concrete, stone, brick or any sort of flexible membrane which solves the durability issues like seepage and […]
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Dear Mam, How to calculate footing height and Slope for Square Foundation?
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A cost estimate is predicted expenditure of a project which is generally prepared before the project is taken up. It is prepared in different types based on the requirement of project. The construction cost estimates can be prepared either in a detailed manner by taking into consideration item by item or can be calculated approximately […]
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i am in my final year and i’m having problems of choosing a topic for my thesis, the problem is, i live in a third world country so anything that require experiment will be hard to do so i would like my thesis topic to be related with structural engineering, so please feel free suggesting […]
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We have a 12 bars column reinforcement in a 3 storyed building each 2700mm clear span with 450mm beam depth. In order maintain the staggered position and as well as maximum of 50% lapping at one site i have thought of two configurations: Lap at first and second floor alternatively Lap the two main reinforcement […]
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Laser screed machine is developed according to the increasing demand of modern industrial plant, large shopping mall, warehouse and other large area cement concrete ground for ground quality, such as strength, flatness, levelness, etc. It has the characteristics of good performance and high efficiency. A. Preparations: (1) After the basic treatment, the laser paver is […]
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Hi Madeh Izat; i live 50 meters away from fast M track train in Boston US; can you please provide expert opinion what is best way to prevent train vibration in home; will concrete wall construction be helpful if yes how deep and how thick in ground will be helpful. thanks jakhro
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Radiographic evaluation of concrete involves the use of radiographic test on building elements to examine the internal condition of concrete. This test is capable of examining concrete members without causing any damages. It determines the location of reinforcing steels, voids in concrete, and the position of stressing wires and ducts. The radiographic test is based […]
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beam failing , how to fix or remedial solution
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A raft or mat foundation is a large rectangular or circular continuous concrete slab that carry the entire loads of structure above and spread it over the whole area beneath the building. It is considered as one type of shallow foundation, and useful in controlling the differential settlement. The mat foundation spreads out under the […]
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Failure modes in reinforced concrete beams are classified into two major types which include flexural failure and shear failure. The former occurs when the imposed load exceeds the flexural capacity of the materials of the beam, while the latter is occurred due to deficiency in shear resistance between different materials of the beam. These failure […]
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The lean construction can be understood as a technique used to design production systems in a construction environment with an aim to decrease time, effort, and a waste of materials. It is all about planning and workflow efficiency. The term was coined by the International Group for Lean Construction in 1993, and it is an […]
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I am a newly recruited site engineer so i am having a doubt. In the design drawing it was done based on M25 concrete and Fe500 steel and while making the BoQ we have mentioned M20 and Fe500. Now we are bound to go with M20 as per the BoQ since the contract has been […]
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Hi, With regards to your article (link: https://ift.tt/2wQ5AOA), what is the reference in standards. I done check with BS 1377:1990 Part 4 ; but there is no statement saying the range of optimum moisture content for different soil type. If your author shall share the standards reference, I am glad to hear that and help […]
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Precipitation is expressed in terms of the vertical depth to which water from it would stand on a level surface area if all the water from it were collected on this surface. The depth is to which water would accumulate on the horizontal projection of the earth’s surface, if there were no losses by evaporation, […]
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Light gauge steel frame construction is an innovative and reliable construction method which is broadly used in the world and has surpassed wood frame construction in many design and construction aspects. It offers several advantages such as buildability, strength, design flexibility, sustainability, and light in weight which makes it easy to handle and hence increase […]
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Compounds in cement mainly are tricalcium silicate, dicalcium silicate, tricalcium aluminate, and tetracalcium alumino ferrite. Not only do these compounds control most of cement properties but also reacts with water to produce new materials (cement hydration) and consequently responsible for concrete strength. For instance, tricalcium silicate hydrates and hardens rapidly, hence generates heat greatly whereas […]
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The area where i am supervising was sloped and we had to cut at upper slope and fill at the lower slope in order to make a leveled area. during the excavation of trenches the trenches at the filled area was dug deeper compared to the upper trenches to meet the hard strata. Now my […]
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Calcium carbide gas pressure moisture tester is one of the rapid test methods that is used for the determination of moisture in soils. This test is commonly called as Speedy moisture tester. The materials required and test procedure of calcium carbide method for determining the moisture content of the soils are explained. Materials and Apparatus […]
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Concrete design methods or concrete design philosophies such as working stress method, ultimate strength method, and limit state method are used for the design of reinforced concrete. Steel, and timber structures. These design methods are based on certain assumptions and procedures which are used to meet the conditions of safety, functionality, serviceability, and economy of […]
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Well, I have a pretty sill question, I want to start a construction project which deals with construction of different kinds of bricks which are Silicate meaning sand and lime, What I want is to have the knowledge of how to construct them and building techniques.
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The sheathing ducts are used in Pre and Post tension of concrete members to create a void in the concrete, through which the cables/tendons are inserted and remain free to stretch during stressing operation. The sheathing ducts are available in 2 types made of Metallic and HDPE. In this article we discuss on the tests […]
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Plane table surveying is a graphical method of surveying in which both the fieldwork and plotting are done simultaneously using a plane table. The main advantage of plane table surveying is that the topographic features to be mapped are in full view. In this article we discuss the major Advantages & disadvantages of plane table […]
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Hello Neenu, I’m planning to construct a 2 storey house in Delhi NCR with exposed bricks. Plan to use confined masonry technique. Kindly advise whether we should use RCC columns at the corners or columns made of bricks reinforced with steel bars? Would a column of reinforced bricks (steel bars passing through purpose-built holes in […]
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Shear keys are designed and provided in various structures to provide resistance against lateral loads like earthquake loads and sliding forces in various structure such as bridges, retaining walls, basement of residential buildings, precast buildings and culverts, masonry wall in seismic regions, and steel columns. Shear key can be constructed from concrete as in precast […]
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Dear Memebers, Has any one a Excel format to Design a Footing Subjected to Biaxial bending combined with uplift and pressure, in SI units. Regards Biradar
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Dear Madam/Sir, I see your articles very helpful for my routine work. Could you please let me know common surfactants used as foaming agents in cellular concrete. What would be the most economical option. Thanks
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